Python int to dword

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Here is some information and goals related to Python bit manipulation, binary manipulation.

• Turn «11011000111101. » into bytes, (padded left or right, 0 or 1,) and vice versa.
• Slice ranges of bits
• Rotate bits, addressed by the bit. That is, say: «rotate bits 13-17, wrapping around the edges,» or, «rotate bits 13-17, lose bits on the one side, set all new bits to 0.»
• Similarly, revert regions of bits, apply logic to regions of bits, etc.
• Switch Endianness, with different block sizes.
• Apply operations in block groupings: ex: apply XOR 10101 (5 bits) repeatedly across a field.

Here are some other examples.

Manipulations

 1  >>> print int('00100001', 2)  2  33 

To hex string. Note that you don’t need to use x8 bits.

 1  >>> print "0x%x" % int('11111111', 2)  2  0xff  3  >>> print "0x%x" % int('0110110110', 2)  4  0x1b6  5  >>> print "0x%x" % int('0010101110101100111010101101010111110101010101', 2)  6  0xaeb3ab57d55 

 1  >>> chr(int('111011', 2))  2  ';'  3  >>> chr(int('1110110', 2))  4  'v'  5  >>> chr(int('11101101', 2))  6  '\xed' 

Characters to integers, but not to strings of 1’s and 0’s.

 1  >>> int('01110101', 2)  2  117  3  >>> chr(int('01110101', 2))  4  'u'  5  >>> ord('u')  6  117 

 1  >>> 1 0  2  1  3  >>> 1 1  4  2  5  >>> 1 2  6  4  7  >>> 1 3  8  8  9  >>> 1 4  10  16  11  >>> 1 5  12  32  13  >>> 1 6  14  64  15  >>> 1 7  16  128 

Transformations Summary

• "1011101101": int(str, 2)
• "m": ord(str)
• "0xdecafbad": int(str, 16) (known to work in Python 2.4)
• "decafbad": int(str, 16) (known to work in Python 2.4)

• "1011101101": built-in to Python 3 (see below)
• "m": chr(str)
• "0xdecafbad": hex(val)
• "decafbad": "%x" % val

We are still left without a technique for producing binary strings, and decyphering hex strings.

Hex String to Integer

Use the int type with the base argument:

 1  >>> int('0xff',16)  2  255  3  >>> int('d484fa894e',16)  4  912764078414 

Do not use alternatives that utilize eval. eval will execute code passed to it and can thus compromise the security of your program.

Integer to Bin String

Python 3 supports binary literals (e.g. 0b10011000) and has a bin() function. For older versions:

 1  >>> def bin(a):  2  s=''  3  t='0':'000','1':'001','2':'010','3':'011',  4  '4':'100','5':'101','6':'110','7':'111'>  5  for c in oct(a)[1:]:  6  s+=t[c]  7  return s 

 1  def bin(s):  2  return str(s) if s1 else bin(s>>1) + str(s&1) 

Python Integers

From «The Python Language Reference» page on the Data Model:

«Integers (int) These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to available (virtual) memory only. For the purpose of shift and mask operations, a binary representation is assumed, and negative numbers are represented in a variant of 2’s complement which gives the illusion of an infinite string of sign bits extending to the left.»

Prior to Python 3.1, there was no easy way to determine how Python represented a specific integer internally, i.e. how many bits were used. Python 3.1 adds a bit_length() method to the int type that does exactly that.

Unless you know you are working with numbers that are less than a certain length, for instance numbers from arrays of integers, shifts, rotations, etc. may give unexpected results.

The number of the highest bit set is the highest power of 2 less than or equal to the input integer. This is the same as the exponent of the floating point representation of the integer, and is also called its «integer log base 2».(ref.1)

In versions before 3.1, the easiest way to determine the highest bit set is*:

* There is a long discussion on this topic, and why this method is not good, in «Issue 3439» at Python.org: http://bugs.python.org/issue3439 This discussion led up to the addition of bit_length() in Python 3.1.

 1  import math  2    3  hiBit = math.floor(math.log(int_type, 2)) 

An input less than or equal to 0 results in a «ValueError: math domain error»

The section «Finding integer log base 2 of an integer» on the «Bit Twiddling Hacks»(ref.1) web page includes a number of methods for determining this value for integers of known magnitude, presumably when no math coprocessor is available. The only method generally applicable to Python integers of unknown magnitude is the «obvious way» of counting the number of bitwise shift operations needed to reduce the input to 0.

Bit Length Of a Python Integer

bitLen() counts the actual bit length of a Python integer, that is, the number of the highest non-zero bit plus 1. Zero, with no non-zero bit, returns 0. As should be expected from the quote above about «the illusion of an infinite string of sign bits extending to the left,» a negative number throws the computer into an infinite loop.

The function can return any result up to the length of the largest integer your computer’s memory can hold.

 1  def bitLen(int_type):  2  length = 0  3  while (int_type):  4  int_type >>= 1  5  length += 1  6  return(length)  7    8  for i in range(17):  9  print(bitLen(i))  10    11  # results: 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5 

The method using the math module is much faster, especially on huge numbers with hundreds of decimal digits.

bitLenCount()

In common usage, the «bit count» of an integer is the number of set (1) bits, not the bit length of the integer described above. bitLen() can be modified to also provide the count of the number of set bits in the integer. There are faster methods to get the count below.

 1  def bitLenCount(int_type):  2  length = 0  3  count = 0  4  while (int_type):  5  count += (int_type & 1)  6  length += 1  7  int_type >>= 1  8  return(length, count) 

Operations on Integers of Unknown Magnitude

Some procedures don’t need to know the magnitude of an integer to give meaningful results.

bitCount()

Counting bits set, Brian Kernighan’s way*

 1  unsigned int v; // count the number of bits set in v  2  unsigned int c; // c accumulates the total bits set in v  3  for (c = 0; v; c++)  4  < v &= v - 1; > //clear the least significant bit set 

This method goes through as many iterations as there are set bits. So if we have a 32-bit word with only the high bit set, then it will only go once through the loop.

* The C Programming Language 2nd Ed., Kernighan & Ritchie, 1988.

Kernighan and Knuth, potent endorsements!

This works because each subtraction «borrows» from the lowest 1-bit. For example:

 1  # loop pass 1 loop pass 2  2  # 101000 101000 100000 100000  3  # - #!python  4  & 100111 - #!python  5  & 011111  6  # = 100111 = 100000 = 011111 = 0 

It is an excellent technique for Python, since the size of the integer need not be determined beforehand.

 1  def bitCount(int_type):  2  count = 0  3  while(int_type):  4  int_type &= int_type - 1  5  count += 1  6  return(count) 

parityOf()

Code almost identical to bitCount(), above, calculates the parity of an integer, returning 0 if there are an even number of set bits, and -1 if there are an odd number. In fact, counting the bits and checking whether the result is odd with bitcount & 1 is about the same speed as the parity function.

 1  def parityOf(int_type):  2  parity = 0  3  while (int_type):  4  parity = ~parity  5  int_type = int_type & (int_type - 1)  6  return(parity) 

lowestSet()

To determine the bit number of the lowest bit set in an integer, in twos-complement notation i & -i zeroes all but the lowest set bit. The bitLen() proceedure then determines its position. Obviously, negative numbers return the same result as their opposite. In this version, an input of 0 returns -1, in effect an error condition.

 1  For example:  2  # 00111000 # 56  3  # 11001000 # twos complement, -56  4  # &= 00001000 

 1  def lowestSet(int_type):  2  low = (int_type & -int_type)  3  lowBit = -1  4  while (low):  5  low >>= 1  6  lowBit += 1  7  return(lowBit) 

Single bits

The usual single-bit operations will work on any Python integer. It is up to the programmer to be sure that the value of ‘offset’ makes sense in the context of the program.

 1  # testBit() returns a nonzero result, 2**offset, if the bit at 'offset' is one.  2    3  def testBit(int_type, offset):  4  mask = 1 offset  5  return(int_type & mask)  6    7  # setBit() returns an integer with the bit at 'offset' set to 1.  8    9  def setBit(int_type, offset):  10  mask = 1 offset  11  return(int_type | mask)  12    13  # clearBit() returns an integer with the bit at 'offset' cleared.  14    15  def clearBit(int_type, offset):  16  mask = ~(1 offset)  17  return(int_type & mask)  18    19  # toggleBit() returns an integer with the bit at 'offset' inverted, 0 -> 1 and 1 -> 0.  20    21  def toggleBit(int_type, offset):  22  mask = 1 offset  23  return(int_type ^ mask) 

Bit fields, e.g. for communication protocols

If you need to interpret individual bits in some data, e.g. a byte stream in a communications protocol, you can use the ctypes module.

 1  import ctypes  2  c_uint8 = ctypes.c_uint8  3    4  class Flags_bits( ctypes.LittleEndianStructure ):  5  _fields_ = [  6  ("logout", c_uint8, 1 ), # asByte & 1  7  ("userswitch", c_uint8, 1 ), # asByte & 2  8  ("suspend", c_uint8, 1 ), # asByte & 4  9  ("idle", c_uint8, 1 ), # asByte & 8  10  ]  11    12  class Flags( ctypes.Union ):  13  _anonymous_ = ("bit",)  14  _fields_ = [  15  ("bit", Flags_bits ),  16  ("asByte", c_uint8 )  17  ]  18    19  flags = Flags()  20  flags.asByte = 0x2 # ->0010  21    22  print( "logout: %i" % flags.bit.logout )  23  # `bit` is defined as anonymous field, so its fields can also be accessed directly:  24  print( "logout: %i" % flags.logout )  25  print( "userswitch: %i" % flags.userswitch )  26  print( "suspend : %i" % flags.suspend )  27  print( "idle : %i" % flags.idle ) 

 1  >>>  2  logout: 0  3  logout: 0  4  userswitch: 1  5  suspend : 0  6  idle : 0 

References

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How to do Convert int to binary in Python

In this post, we will explore How to do Convert int to binary in Python using the built-in method and str.format() and f-string.

1. bin() function to Convert int to binary in python

The Python inbuilt bin() function is used to get an integer’s value binary representation that it returns as a string prefixed with “0b”.The value should be a valid Python int object. To remove the prefixed “0b” can use slicing.

Syntax

Parameter

Python Program to convert int to binary

mynum = 45 print(bin(mynum)) #eliminate "ob" prefix mynum = 45 bin_val = bin(mynum)[2:] print(bin_val)

Python Program to convert int to 16-bit binary

In this example, we are using the bin() function to convert int number to 16-bit binary.

Python Program to convert integer to binary

num = 45 binary = "".format(num) print(binary)

Python int to 16-bit binary Using format()

In this example, we are using the format() function to convert int number to 16-bit binary.

num = 45 binary= ''.format(num) print(binary)

3. Using format() to Convert int to binary in python

The easy way to remove the “0b” prefix is the Python built-in format() function. It takes two arguments the first argument is the value we want to convert into binary and the Second argument is a format that covert value to the given format.

Syntax

Parameters

• val: The number that we want to convert into binary string
• Format : It convert the passed value to given format.

Format	Description
=	Places the sign to the leftmost position
b	Convert value to Binary format.
c	Converts the value to Unicode character
d	Convert value to Binary to Decimal format
o	Convert the value to Octal format
x	Convert the value to Hex format in lower case.
E	Convert value to scientific format with upper case E
	Left align the output
>	Right align the output
_	Use to add thousand separator

Table of format Type

Python Program to int to binary Using format()

In this example, we convert int to binary bypassing b as a format. more formates

binary = format(45, "b") print(binary)

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