Python downloads main py

Используйте __main__.py

Зачем нужен __init__.py знает, наверное, любой питонист, но что насчёт __main__.py? Я видел немало проектов либо рабочих, либо на Github, которые не используют этот магический файл, хотя могли бы сделать свою жизнь проще. На мой взгляд, __main__.py это лучший способ для взаимодействия с питоновскими модулями, состоящими из нескольких файлов.

Но давайте сначала разберёмся: как большинство людей запускают свои скрипты на Python?

Однажды вы напишете программу, которую захотите использовать и как импортируемый модуль, и как инструмент запускаемый из командной строки. Вы скорей всего в курсе, как обычно поступают в этом случае:

if __name__ == '__main__': main(sys.argv)

Когда вы скармливаете скрипт интерпретатору, магическая глобальная переменная __name__ получает значение __main__. Таким образом мы узнаём, что это не импорт, а именно запуск. Например:

И это прекрасно работает для одиночного файла.

Проблема

Но если вы похожи на меня, вы не захотите, чтобы всё ваше приложение теснилось в единственном файле. Разбиение логики по разным файлам упрощает редактирование и поддержку. Например:

. ├── README.me ├── requirements.txt ├── setup.py └── src ├── __init__.py ├── client.py ├── logic.py ├── models.py └── run.py

Но пользователю, который склонировал проект из репозитория будет непонятно — какой из этих файлов главный? Неужели run.py? А может client.py? Где же искать знакомую строку if __name__ == ‘__main__’? Вот здесь-то __main__.py и способен проявить себя.

__main__.py

Файл __main__.py вызывается при запуске проекта с флагом модуля — -m. И это весьма удобно, если код предназначен и для использования в качестве модуля, и для запуска из консоли. Думайте об этом файле, как о месте куда можно класть всё, что вы обычно кладёте внутрь if __name__ == ‘__main__’. Давайте изменим проект из примера выше соответственно:

. ├── README.me ├── requirements.txt ├── setup.py └── myapp ├── __init__.py ├── __main__.py ├── client.py ├── logic.py ├── models.py

И, вуаля! Теперь можно просто запускать проект как обычный модуль.

__main__.py будет выполняться автоматически. Это идеальное место для размещения интерфейса командной строки и обработки входных аргументов!

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  A command-line processor for Python

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  README.rst

  A quick and dirty command-line processor. See main.py for more.

  import main import sys def callback(params): print "Called with " + params['foo'].value m = main.mode("run", callback) m.option("foo") m.description="How not to be seen" main.process(sys.argv)

  Usage: # How not to be seen b.py run —foo=

  Most of the work, including:

  • Errors will be caught and redirected to usage messages better
  • Options will have default arguments.
  • The top-level mode will become unnecessary.
  • Non-option arguments will be respected.
  • Param objects will support more information.
  • Cheese will be eaten.

  This code is in the public domain. Do as you will. Feedback and patches are welcome but not required.

  About

  A command-line processor for Python

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