Java nested classes type

Nested Classes in Java

In Java, it is possible to define a class within another class, such classes are known as nested classes. They enable you to logically group classes that are only used in one place, thus this increases the use of encapsulation and creates more readable and maintainable code.

• The scope of a nested class is bounded by the scope of its enclosing class. Thus in the below example, the class NestedClass does not exist independently of the class OuterClass .
• A nested class has access to the members, including private members, of the class in which it is nested. But the enclosing class does not have access to the member of the nested class.
• A nested class is also a member of its enclosing class.
• As a member of its enclosing class, a nested class can be declared private , public , protected , or package-private (default).
• Nested classes are divided into two categories:
  1. static nested class: Nested classes that are declared static are called static nested classes.
  2. inner class: An inner class is a non-static nested class.

Syntax:

Static nested classes

In the case of normal or regular inner classes, without an outer class object existing, there cannot be an inner class object. i.e., an object of the inner class is always strongly associated with an outer class object. But in the case of static nested class, Without an outer class object existing, there may be a static nested class object. i.e., an object of a static nested class is not strongly associated with the outer class object. As with class methods and variables, a static nested class is associated with its outer class. And like static class methods, a static nested class cannot refer directly to instance variables or methods defined in its enclosing class: it can use them only through an object reference. They are accessed using the enclosing class name.

OuterClass.StaticNestedClass

For example, to create an object for the static nested class, use this syntax:

OuterClass.StaticNestedClass nestedObject = new OuterClass.StaticNestedClass();

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Nested Classes

The Java programming language allows you to define a class within another class. Such a class is called a nested class and is illustrated here:

Terminology: Nested classes are divided into two categories: non-static and static. Non-static nested classes are called inner classes. Nested classes that are declared static are called static nested classes.

class OuterClass < . class InnerClass < . >static class StaticNestedClass < . >>

A nested class is a member of its enclosing class. Non-static nested classes (inner classes) have access to other members of the enclosing class, even if they are declared private. Static nested classes do not have access to other members of the enclosing class. As a member of the OuterClass , a nested class can be declared private , public , protected , or package private. (Recall that outer classes can only be declared public or package private.)

Why Use Nested Classes?

Compelling reasons for using nested classes include the following:

• It is a way of logically grouping classes that are only used in one place: If a class is useful to only one other class, then it is logical to embed it in that class and keep the two together. Nesting such «helper classes» makes their package more streamlined.
• It increases encapsulation: Consider two top-level classes, A and B, where B needs access to members of A that would otherwise be declared private . By hiding class B within class A, A’s members can be declared private and B can access them. In addition, B itself can be hidden from the outside world.
• It can lead to more readable and maintainable code: Nesting small classes within top-level classes places the code closer to where it is used.

Inner Classes

As with instance methods and variables, an inner class is associated with an instance of its enclosing class and has direct access to that object’s methods and fields. Also, because an inner class is associated with an instance, it cannot define any static members itself.

Objects that are instances of an inner class exist within an instance of the outer class. Consider the following classes:

An instance of InnerClass can exist only within an instance of OuterClass and has direct access to the methods and fields of its enclosing instance.

To instantiate an inner class, you must first instantiate the outer class. Then, create the inner object within the outer object with this syntax:

OuterClass outerObject = new OuterClass(); OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass();

There are two special kinds of inner classes: local classes and anonymous classes.

Static Nested Classes

As with class methods and variables, a static nested class is associated with its outer class. And like static class methods, a static nested class cannot refer directly to instance variables or methods defined in its enclosing class: it can use them only through an object reference. Inner Class and Nested Static Class Example demonstrates this.

Note: A static nested class interacts with the instance members of its outer class (and other classes) just like any other top-level class. In effect, a static nested class is behaviorally a top-level class that has been nested in another top-level class for packaging convenience. Inner Class and Nested Static Class Example also demonstrates this.

You instantiate a static nested class the same way as a top-level class:

StaticNestedClass staticNestedObject = new StaticNestedClass();

Inner Class and Nested Static Class Example

The following example, OuterClass , along with TopLevelClass , demonstrates which class members of OuterClass an inner class ( InnerClass ), a nested static class ( StaticNestedClass ), and a top-level class ( TopLevelClass ) can access:

OuterClass.java

public class OuterClass < String outerField = "Outer field"; static String staticOuterField = "Static outer field"; class InnerClass < void accessMembers() < System.out.println(outerField); System.out.println(staticOuterField); >> static class StaticNestedClass < void accessMembers(OuterClass outer) < // Compiler error: Cannot make a static reference to the non-static // field outerField // System.out.println(outerField); System.out.println(outer.outerField); System.out.println(staticOuterField); >> public static void main(String[] args) < System.out.println("Inner class:"); System.out.println("------------"); OuterClass outerObject = new OuterClass(); OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass(); innerObject.accessMembers(); System.out.println("\nStatic nested class:"); System.out.println("--------------------"); StaticNestedClass staticNestedObject = new StaticNestedClass(); staticNestedObject.accessMembers(outerObject); System.out.println("\nTop-level class:"); System.out.println("--------------------"); TopLevelClass topLevelObject = new TopLevelClass(); topLevelObject.accessMembers(outerObject); >>

TopLevelClass.java

public class TopLevelClass < void accessMembers(OuterClass outer) < // Compiler error: Cannot make a static reference to the non-static // field OuterClass.outerField // System.out.println(OuterClass.outerField); System.out.println(outer.outerField); System.out.println(OuterClass.staticOuterField); >>

This example prints the following output:

Inner class: ------------ Outer field Static outer field Static nested class: -------------------- Outer field Static outer field Top-level class: -------------------- Outer field Static outer field

Note that a static nested class interacts with the instance members of its outer class just like any other top-level class. The static nested class StaticNestedClass can’t directly access outerField because it’s an instance variable of the enclosing class, OuterClass . The Java compiler generates an error at the highlighted statement:

static class StaticNestedClass < void accessMembers(OuterClass outer) < // Compiler error: Cannot make a static reference to the non-static // field outerField System.out.println(outerField); > >

To fix this error, access outerField through an object reference:

System.out.println(outer.outerField);

Similarly, the top-level class TopLevelClass can’t directly access outerField either.

Note: For more information about the taxonomy of the different kinds of classes in the Java programming language (which can be tricky to describe concisely, clearly, and correctly), see Joseph Darcy’s blog: Nested, Inner, Member, and Top-Level Classes.

Shadowing

If a declaration of a type (such as a member variable or a parameter name) in a particular scope (such as an inner class or a method definition) has the same name as another declaration in the enclosing scope, then the declaration shadows the declaration of the enclosing scope. You cannot refer to a shadowed declaration by its name alone. The following example, ShadowTest , demonstrates this:

public class ShadowTest < public int x = 0; class FirstLevel < public int x = 1; void methodInFirstLevel(int x) < System.out.println("x = " + x); System.out.println("this.x = " + this.x); System.out.println("ShadowTest.this.x = " + ShadowTest.this.x); >> public static void main(String. args) < ShadowTest st = new ShadowTest(); ShadowTest.FirstLevel fl = st.new FirstLevel(); fl.methodInFirstLevel(23); >>

The following is the output of this example:

x = 23 this.x = 1 ShadowTest.this.x = 0

This example defines three variables named x : the member variable of the class ShadowTest , the member variable of the inner class FirstLevel , and the parameter in the method methodInFirstLevel . The variable x defined as a parameter of the method methodInFirstLevel shadows the variable of the inner class FirstLevel . Consequently, when you use the variable x in the method methodInFirstLevel , it refers to the method parameter. To refer to the member variable of the inner class FirstLevel , use the keyword this to represent the enclosing scope:

Serialization of inner classes, including local and anonymous classes, is strongly discouraged. When the Java compiler compiles certain constructs, such as inner classes, it creates synthetic constructs; these are classes, methods, fields, and other constructs that do not have a corresponding construct in the source code. Synthetic constructs enable Java compilers to implement new Java language features without changes to the JVM. However, synthetic constructs can vary among different Java compiler implementations, which means that .class files can vary among different implementations as well. Consequently, you may have compatibility issues if you serialize an inner class and then deserialize it with a different JRE implementation. See the section Implicit and Synthetic Parameters in the section Obtaining Names of Method Parameters for more information about the synthetic constructs generated when an inner class is compiled.

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Java nested classes type

В шестом пункте написано » Если у внутреннего класса нет модификатора доступа (package private), объекты внутреннего класса можно создавать внутри «внешнего» класса;» , а если есть, то нельзя?

Так же protected работает и для внутренних классов. Объекты protected внутреннего класса можно создавать: внутри «внешнего» класса; в его классах-наследниках; в тех классах, которые находятся в том же пакете. Может кто подсказать, что за хрень творится с этим модификатором доступа? Почему я не могу создать экземпляр внутреннего класса в классе-наследнике (наследование от внешнего класса, так как от внутреннего protected компилятор не дает наследоваться) в другом пэкадже? Хотя в статье говориться, что я могу это сделать.

Вообще не понимаю что тут написано 🤷🏽‍♂️ «Объект внутреннего класса нельзя создать в статическом методе «внешнего» класса. Это объясняется особенностями устройства внутренних классов. У внутреннего класса могут быть конструкторы с параметрами или только конструктор по умолчанию. Но независимо от этого, когда мы создаем объект внутреннего класса, в него незаметно передается ссылка на объект «внешнего» класса. Ведь наличие такого объекта — обязательное условие. Иначе мы не сможем создавать объекты внутреннего класса. Но если метод внешнего класса статический, значит, объект внешнего класса может вообще не существовать! А значит, логика работы внутреннего класса будет нарушена. В такой ситуации компилятор выбросит ошибку:

 public static Seat createSeat() < //Bicycle.this cannot be referenced from a static context return new Seat(); >

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