Java exception wrong type

Java exception wrong type

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How to Handle the Incompatible Types Error in Java

Variables are memory containers used to store information. In Java, every variable has a data type and stores a value of that type. Data types, or types for short, are divided into two categories: primitive and non-primitive. There are eight primitive types in Java: byte , short , int , long , float , double , boolean and char . These built-in types describe variables that store single values of a predefined format and size. Non-primitive types, also known as reference types, hold references to objects stored somewhere in memory. The number of reference types is unlimited, as they are user-defined. A few reference types are already baked into the language and include String , as well as wrapper classes for all primitive types, like Integer for int and Boolean for boolean . All reference types are subclasses of java.lang.Object [1].

In programming, it is commonplace to convert certain data types to others in order to allow for the storing, processing, and exchanging of data between different modules, components, libraries, APIs, etc. Java is a statically typed language, and as such has certain rules and constraints in regard to working with types. While it is possible to convert to and from certain types with relative ease, like converting a char to an int and vice versa with type casting [2], it is not very straightforward to convert between other types, such as between certain primitive and reference types, like converting a String to an int , or one user-defined type to another. In fact, many of these cases would be indicative of a logical error and require careful consideration as to what is being converted and how, or whether the conversion is warranted in the first place. Aside from type casting, another common mechanism for performing type conversion is parsing [3], and Java has some predefined methods for performing this operation on built-in types.

double myDouble = 9; // Automatic casting (int to double) int myInt = (int) 9.87d; // Manual casting (double to int) boolean myBoolean = Boolean.parseBoolean("True"); // Parsing with a native method (String to boolean) System.out.println(myDouble); // 9.0 System.out.println(myInt); // 9 System.out.println(myBoolean); // true

Incompatible Types Error: What, Why & How?

The incompatible types error indicates a situation where there is some expression that yields a value of a certain data type different from the one expected. This error implies that the Java compiler is unable to resolve a value assigned to a variable or returned by a method, because its type is incompatible with the one declared on the variable or method in question. Incompatible, in this context, means that the source type is both different from and unconvertible (by means of automatic type casting) to the declared type.

This might seem like a syntax error, but it is a logical error discovered in the semantic phase of compilation. The error message generated by the compiler indicates the line and the position where the type mismatch has occurred and specifies the incompatible types it has detected. This error is a generalization of the method X in class Y cannot be applied to given types and the constructor X in class Y cannot be applied to given types errors discussed in [4].

The incompatible types error most often occurs when manual or explicit conversion between types is required, but it can also happen by accident when using an incorrect API, usually involving the use of an incorrect reference type or the invocation of an incorrect method with an identical or similar name.

Incompatible Types Error Examples

Explicit type casting

Assigning a value of one primitive type to another can happen in one of two directions. Either from a type of a smaller size to one of a larger size (upcasting), or from a larger-sized type to a smaller-sized type (downcasting). In the case of the former, the data will take up more space but will be intact as the larger type can accommodate any value of the smaller type. So the conversion here is done automatically. However, converting from a larger-sized type to a smaller one necessitates explicit casting because some data may be lost in the process.

Fig. 1(a) shows how attempting to assign the values of the two double variables a and b to the int variables x and y results in the incompatible types error at compile-time. Prefixing the variables on the right-hand side of the assignment with the int data type in parenthesis (lines 10 & 11 in Fig. 1(b)) fixes the issue. Note how both variables lost their decimal part as a result of the conversion, but only one kept its original value—this is exactly why the error message reads possible lossy conversion from double to int and why the incompatible types error is raised in this scenario. By capturing this error, the compiler prevents accidental loss of data and forces the programmer to be deliberate about the conversion. The same principle applies to downcasting reference types, although the process is slightly different as polymorphism gets involved [5].

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package rollbar; public class IncompatibleTypesCasting < public static void main(String. args) < double a = 10.5; double b = 5.0; System.out.println("a: " + a + "\tb: " + b); int x = a; int y = b; System.out.println("x: " + x + "\ty: " + y); >>

IncompatibleTypesCasting.java:10: error: incompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int int x = a; ^ IncompatibleTypesCasting.java:11: error: incompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int int y = b; ^ 2 errors

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package rollbar; public class IncompatibleTypesCasting < public static void main(String. args) < double a = 10.5; double b = 5.0; System.out.println("a: " + a + "\tb: " + b); int x = (int) a; int y = (int) b; System.out.println("x: " + x + "\ty: " + y); >>

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