Java default heap space

10 points about Java Heap Space or Java Heap Memory

10 Points about Java heap memory
When I started Java programming I didn’t know what is java heap or heap space in Java, I was even not aware of where does object in Java gets created, it’s when I started doing professional programming I came across error java.lang.OutOfMemoryError in Tomcat then I realized What is Heap in Java or Java Heap Space. It happens with most of the programmer because learning language is easy but learning basics are difficult since there is no formal process which can teach you every basic of programming its experience and work which reveals the secret of programming.

For Java developer’s knowledge of Heap in Java, setting the size of Java heap space, dealing with Java heap space OutOfMemoryError , analyzing heap dumps is very important. You should read Java Performance from Charlie Hunt to learn more about how to troubleshoot Java performance issues, profiling, and advanced tools to take the heap dump and analyze it to form problem areas.

This Java Heap tutorial is for my beginner brothers who are new in programming and learning it. It makes too much difference if you know the basics and underlying, until you know that object is created in heap, you won’t be able to think why OutOfMemoryError occurs in Heap.

I am trying to provide as much information about Heap in Java as I know but would like you guys to contribute and share your knowledge about heap in Java to benefit all.

By the way, if you are confused between heap and stack, which is where your local variables get created, then, you can also check the difference between heap and stack memory in Java.

What is Heap space in Java?

When a Java program started Java Virtual Machine gets some memory from the Operating System. Java Virtual Machine or JVM uses this memory for all its needs and part of this memory is call java heap memory.

Heap in Java is generally located at bottom of address space and move upwards. whenever we create an object using a new operator or by any other means the object is allocated memory from Heap and When the object dies or garbage collected, memory goes back to Heap space in Java, to learn more about garbage collection see how garbage collection works in Java.

How to increase heap size in Java

The default size of Heap space in Java is 128MB on most of 32 bit Sun’s JVM but its highly varies from JVM to JVM e.g. default maximum and start heap size for the 32-bit Solaris Operating System (SPARC Platform Edition) is -Xms=3670K and -Xmx=64M and Default values of heap size parameters on 64-bit systems have been increased up by approximately 30%.

Also, if you are using throughput garbage collector in Java 1.5 default maximum heap size of JVM would be Physical Memory/4 and the default initial heap size would be Physical Memory/16. Another way to find the default heap size of JVM is to start an application with default heap parameters and monitor in using JConsole which is available on JDK 1.5 onwards, on the VMSummary tab you will be able to see maximum heap size.

By the way, you can increase the size of java heap space based on your application need and I always recommend this to avoid using default JVM heap values. if your application is large and lots of objects created you can change the size of heap space by using JVM options -Xms and -Xmx . Xms denotes the starting size of Heap while -Xmx denotes the maximum size of Heap in Java.

There is another parameter called -Xmn which denotes the size of the new generation of Java Heap Space. The only thing is you can not change the size of Heap in Java dynamically, you can only provide Java Heap Size parameter while starting JVM. I have shared some more useful JVM options related to Java Heap space and Garbage collection on my post 10 JVM options Java programmer must know, you may find useful.

Update:

Regarding default heap size in Java, from Java 6 update 18 there are significant changes in how JVM calculates default heap size in 32 and 64-bit machine and on client and server JVM mode:

1) Initial heap space and maximum heap space is larger for improved performance.

2) The default maximum heap space is 1/2 of the physical memory of size up to 192 bytes and 1/4th of physical memory for the size up to 1Gig. So for 1Gig machine maximum heap size is 256MB 2.maximum heap size will not be used until the program creates enough object to fill initial heap space which will be much lesser but at-least 8 MB or 1/64th part of Physical memory up to 1GB.

3) for Server Java virtual machine default maximum heap space is 1G for 4GB of physical memory on a 32 bit JVM. for 64 bit JVM its 32G for physical memory of 128GB. To learn more about how much memory you can set in 32-bit and 64-bit JVM in the various operating system e.g. Windows 8, Linux, or Solaris, see here.

Java Heap and Garbage Collection

As we know objects are created inside heap memory and Garbage Collection is a process that removes dead objects from Java Heap space and returns memory back to Heap in Java. For the sake of Garbage collection Heap is divided into three main regions named as New Generation, Old or Tenured Generation, and Perm space.

The New Generation of Java Heap is part of Java Heap memory where a newly created object is stored, During the course of the application many objects were created and died but those remain life they got moved to Old or Tenured Generation by Java Garbage collector thread on Major or full garbage collection.

Perm space of Java Heap is where JVM stores Metadata about classes and methods, String pool, and Class level details. You can also see the Java and GC online courses for more information on Heap in Java and Garbage collection.

OutOfMemoryError in Java Heap

When JVM starts JVM heap space is equal to the initial size of Heap specified by -Xms parameter, as application progress more objects get created and heap space is expanded to accommodate new objects. JVM also run garbage collector periodically to reclaim memory back from dead objects.

The JVM expands Heap in Java somewhere near to Maximum Heap Size specified by -Xmx and if there is no more memory left for creating new objects in java heap, JVM throws java.lang.OutOfMemoryError and your application die.

Before throwing OutOfMemoryError No Space in Java Heap, JVM tries to run a garbage collector to free any available space but even after that not much space available on Heap in Java it results in OutOfMemoryError.

To resolve this error you need to understand your application object profile i.e. what kind of object you are creating, which objects are taking how much memory etc. you can use a profiler or heap analyzer to troubleshoot OutOfMemoryError in Java.

The «java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space» error message denotes that Java heap does not have sufficient space and cannot be expanded further while «java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space» error message comes when the permanent generation of Java Heap is full, the application will fail to load a class or to allocate an interned string.

How to increase Java heap space on Maven and ANT

Many times we need to increase the heap size of Maven or ANT because once the number of classes increases build tool requires more memory to process and build and often throw OutOfMemoryError which we can avoid by changing or increase heap memory of JVM. For details see my post How to increase Java heap memory for Ant or Maven

Java Heap dump

Java Heap dump is a snapshot of Java Heap Memory at a particular time. This is very useful to analyze or troubleshoot any memory leak in Java or any java.lang.OutOfMemoryError. There are tools available inside JDK which helps you to take heap dump and there are heap analyzer available tool which helps you to analyze the java heap dump.

You can also use » jmap» command to get a java heap dump, this will create a heap dump file and then you can use «jhat — Java Heap Analysis Tool» to analyze that heap dumps. You should also read Java Performance The Definitive Guide By Scott Oaks to learn more about Java performance tuning and profiling. It is one of the must-read Java performance books for any senior Java developer.

10 Points about Java Heap Space

1. Java Heap Memory is part of memory allocated to JVM by the Operating System.

2. Whenever we create objects they are created inside Heap in Java.

3. Java Heap space is divided into three regions or generations for sake of garbage collection called New Generation, Old or tenured Generation, or Perm Space. The permanent generation is garbage collected during full gc in hotspot JVM.

4. You can increase or change the size of Java Heap space by using JVM command line option — Xms , -Xmx, and -Xmn . don’t forget to add word «M» or «G» after specifying size to indicate Mega or Gig. for example, you can set the java heap size to 258MB by executing following command java -Xmx256m HelloWorld.

5. You can use either JConsole or Runtime.maxMemory() , Runtime.totalMemory() , Runtime.freeMemory() to query about Heap size programmatic in Java. See my post How to find memory usage in Java program for more details.

6. You can use command «jmap» to take Heap dump in Java and «jhat» to analyze that heap dump.

7. Java Heap space is different than Stack which is used to store call hierarchy and local variables.

8. Java Garbage collector is responsible for reclaiming memory from a dead objects and returning to Java Heap space.

9. Don’t panic when you get java.lang.OutOfMemoryError , sometimes its just matter of increasing heap size but if it’s recurrent then look for memory leak in Java.

10. Use Profiler and Heap dump Analyzer tool to understand Java Heap space and how much memory is allocated to each object.

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Default Java Maximum Heap Size is changed for Java 8

The Maximum Java Heap Size (Xmx) is the maximum amount of memory that Java application can uses. A lower Xmx value will cause a decrease in performance due to JVM has to force frequent garbage collections in order to free up space, also if the Xmx value is lower than the amount of live data, it might trigger OutOfMemoryError. Customers can configure Xmx via JVM options -Xmx to optimize their Java application performance, but quite a lot of Java users never explicitly specify the -Xmx option, so in those cases the default Xmx has been used. The default values for Xmx is based on the physical memory of the machine.

In current OpenJ9 release 0.19:
For Java 11 and above
The Xmx value is 25% of the available memory with a maximum of 25 GB. However, where there is 2 GB or less of physical memory, the value set is 50% of available memory with a minimum value of 16 MB and a maximum value of 512 MB.
For Java 8
The Xmx value is half the available memory with a minimum of 16 MB and a maximum of 512 MB.

Changes to default Java Maximum Heap Size for Java 8

From OpenJ9 release 0.20, The default Java Maximum Heap Size (Xmx) is changed to be consistent with Java 11, so by default in Java 8, 25% physical memory up to 25GB for the Xmx will be expected. If you want to revert to the default setting in earlier releases of OpenJ9, use the -XX:+OriginalJDK8HeapSizeCompatibilityMode option.
-XX:[+/-]OriginalJDK8HeapSizeCompatibilityMode is new option for release 0.20, but it is deprecated and should only be used in case you want to keep earlier releases behavior of default Xmx.
Keep in mind this change only affect the behavior of the default Xmx in Java 8 and there is no change for Java 11 and above. the option -XX:[+/-]OriginalJDK8HeapSizeCompatibilityMode is also ignored in Java 11 and above.

Verify Maximum Heap Size

If you want to confirm maximum heap size for your OpenJ9 release in runtime, you can simply verify the default max heap size via -verbose:gc options. you can find out the result in initialized section of verbosegc.

For OpenJ9 Java8 release 0.19 or earler, On 4GB physicalMemory machine the default Xmx is 512MB.

For OpenJ9 Java8 release 0.20, On 4GB physical memory machine the default Xmx is 1GB.

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