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Fundamental text and font styling

In this article we’ll start you on your journey towards mastering text styling with CSS. Here we’ll go through all the basic fundamentals of text/font styling in detail, including setting font weight, family and style, font shorthand, text alignment and other effects, and line and letter spacing.

Prerequisites:	Basic computer literacy, HTML basics (study Introduction to HTML), CSS basics (study Introduction to CSS).
Objective:	To learn the fundamental properties and techniques needed to style text on web pages.

What is involved in styling text in CSS?

If you have worked with HTML or CSS already, e.g., by working through these tutorials in order, then you know that text inside an element is laid out inside the element’s content box. It starts at the top left of the content area (or the top right, in the case of RTL language content), and flows towards the end of the line. Once it reaches the end, it goes down to the next line and flows to the end again. This pattern repeats until all the content has been placed in the box. Text content effectively behaves like a series of inline elements, being laid out on lines adjacent to one another, and not creating line breaks until the end of the line is reached, or unless you force a line break manually using the element.

Note: If the above paragraph leaves you feeling confused, then no matter — go back and review our Box model article to brush up on the box model theory before carrying on.

The CSS properties used to style text generally fall into two categories, which we’ll look at separately in this article:

• Font styles: Properties that affect a text’s font, e.g., which font gets applied, its size, and whether it’s bold, italic, etc.
• Text layout styles: Properties that affect the spacing and other layout features of the text, allowing manipulation of, for example, the space between lines and letters, and how the text is aligned within the content box.

Note: Bear in mind that the text inside an element is all affected as one single entity. You can’t select and style subsections of text unless you wrap them in an appropriate element (such as a or ), or use a text-specific pseudo-element like ::first-letter (selects the first letter of an element’s text), ::first-line (selects the first line of an element’s text), or ::selection (selects the text currently highlighted by the cursor).

Fonts

Let’s move straight on to look at properties for styling fonts. In this example, we’ll apply some CSS properties to the following HTML sample:

h1>Tommy the cath1> p>Well I remember it as though it were a meal ago…p> p> Said Tommy the Cat as he reeled back to clear whatever foreign matter may have nestled its way into his mighty throat. Many a fat alley rat had met its demise while staring point blank down the cavernous barrel of this awesome prowling machine. Truly a wonder of nature this urban predator — Tommy the cat had many a story to tell. But it was a rare occasion such as this that he did. p> 

Color

The color property sets the color of the foreground content of the selected elements, which is usually the text, but can also include a couple of other things, such as an underline or overline placed on text using the text-decoration property.

color can accept any CSS color unit, for example:

This will cause the paragraphs to become red, rather than the standard browser default of black, like so:

h1>Tommy the cath1> p>Well I remember it as though it were a meal ago…p> p> Said Tommy the Cat as he reeled back to clear whatever foreign matter may have nestled its way into his mighty throat. Many a fat alley rat had met its demise while staring point blank down the cavernous barrel of this awesome prowling machine. Truly a wonder of nature this urban predator — Tommy the cat had many a story to tell. But it was a rare occasion such as this that he did. p> 

Font families

To set a different font for your text, you use the font-family property — this allows you to specify a font (or list of fonts) for the browser to apply to the selected elements. The browser will only apply a font if it is available on the machine the website is being accessed on; if not, it will just use a browser default font. A simple example looks like so:

This would make all paragraphs on a page adopt the arial font, which is found on any computer.

Web safe fonts

Speaking of font availability, there are only a certain number of fonts that are generally available across all systems and can therefore be used without much worry. These are the so-called web safe fonts.

Most of the time, as web developers we want to have more specific control over the fonts used to display our text content. The problem is to find a way to know which font is available on the computer used to see our web pages. There is no way to know this in every case, but the web safe fonts are known to be available on nearly all instances of the most used operating systems (Windows, macOS, the most common Linux distributions, Android, and iOS).

The list of actual web safe fonts will change as operating systems evolve, but it’s reasonable to consider the following fonts web safe, at least for now (many of them have been popularized thanks to the Microsoft Core fonts for the Web initiative in the late 90s and early 2000s):

Name	Generic type	Notes
Arial	sans-serif	It’s often considered best practice to also add Helvetica as a preferred alternative to Arial as, although their font faces are almost identical, Helvetica is considered to have a nicer shape, even if Arial is more broadly available.
Courier New	monospace	Some OSes have an alternative (possibly older) version of the Courier New font called Courier. It’s considered best practice to use both with Courier New as the preferred alternative.
Georgia	serif
Times New Roman	serif	Some OSes have an alternative (possibly older) version of the Times New Roman font called Times. It’s considered best practice to use both with Times New Roman as the preferred alternative.
Trebuchet MS	sans-serif	You should be careful with using this font — it isn’t widely available on mobile OSes.
Verdana	sans-serif

Note: Among various resources, the cssfontstack.com website maintains a list of web safe fonts available on Windows and macOS operating systems, which can help you make your decision about what you consider safe for your usage.

Note: There is a way to download a custom font along with a webpage, to allow you to customize your font usage in any way you want: web fonts. This is a little bit more complex, and we will discuss it in a separate article later on in the module.

Default fonts

CSS defines five generic names for fonts: serif , sans-serif , monospace , cursive , and fantasy . These are very generic and the exact font face used from these generic names can vary between each browser and each operating system that they are displayed on. It represents a worst case scenario where the browser will try its best to provide a font that looks appropriate. serif , sans-serif , and monospace are quite predictable and should provide something reasonable. On the other hand, cursive and fantasy are less predictable and we recommend using them very carefully, testing as you go.

The five names are defined as follows:

body  font-family: sans-serif; >
 
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HTML Text Formatting
 
HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.
 
Example
 
This is subscript and superscript
 
HTML Formatting Elements
 
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:
 
 
- Bold text
 
- Important text
 
- Italic text
 
- Emphasized text
 
- Marked text
 
- Smaller text
 
- Deleted text
 
- Inserted text
 
- Subscript text
 
- Superscript text
 
 
HTML and Elements
 
The HTML element defines bold text, without any extra importance.
 
Example
 
The HTML element defines text with strong importance. The content inside is typically displayed in bold.
 
Example
 
HTML and Elements
 
The HTML element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.
 
Tip: The tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, etc.
 
Example
 
The HTML element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.
 
Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in with an emphasis, using verbal stress.
 
Example
 
HTML Element
 
The HTML element defines smaller text:
 
Example
 
HTML Element
 
The HTML element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:
 
Example
 
Do not forget to buy milk today.
 
 
HTML Element
 
The HTML element defines text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will usually strike a line through deleted text:
 
Example
 
My favorite color is blue red.
 
 
HTML Element
 
The HTML element defines a text that has been inserted into a document. Browsers will usually underline inserted text:
 
Example
 
HTML Element
 
The HTML element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a character below the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H2O:
 
Example
 
HTML Element
 
The HTML element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears half a character above the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Superscript text can be used for footnotes, like WWW [1] :
 
Example
 
This is superscripted text.
 
 
HTML Exercises
 
HTML Text Formatting Elements
 
 
 
Tag
 
Description
 
 
 
 
Defines bold text
 
 
 
 
Defines emphasized text
 
 
 
 
Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
 
 
 
 
Defines smaller text
 
 
 
 
Defines important text
 
 
 
 
Defines subscripted text
 
 
 
 
Defines superscripted text
 
 
 
 
Defines inserted text
 
 
 
 
Defines deleted text
 
 
 
 
Defines marked/highlighted text
 
 
 
For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.
 
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# Text Formatting
 
While most HTML tags are used to create elements, HTML also provides in-text formatting tags to apply specific text-related styles to portions of text. This topic includes examples of HTML text formatting such as highlighting, bolding, underlining, subscript, and stricken text.
 
# Highlighting
 
The element is new in HTML5 and is used to mark or highlight text in a document "due to its relevance in another context". 1
 
The most common example would be in the results of a search were the user has entered a search query and results are shown highlighting the desired query.
 
p>Here is some content from an article that contains the mark>searched querymark> that we are looking for. Highlighting the text will make it easier for the user to find what they are looking for.p> 
 
 
 
A common standard formatting is black text on a yellow background, but this can be changed with CSS.
 
# Bold, Italic, and Underline
 
# Bold Text
 
To bold text, use the or tags:
 
strong>Bold Text Herestrong> 
 
What’s the difference? Semantics. is used to indicate that the text is fundamentally or semantically important to the surrounding text, while indicates no such importance and simply represents text that should be bolded.
 
If you were to use a text-to-speech program would not say the word(s) any differently than any of the other words around it - you are simply drawing attention to them without adding any additional importance. By using , though, the same program would want to speak those word(s) with a different tone of voice to convey that the text is important in some way.
 
# Italic Text
 
To italicize text, use the or tags:
 
What’s the difference? Semantics. is used to indicate that the text should have extra emphasis that should be stressed, while simply represents text which should be set off from the normal text around it.
 
For example, if you wanted to stress the action inside a sentence, one might do so by emphasizing it in italics via : "Would you just submit the edit already?"
 
But if you were identifying a book or newspaper that you would normally italicize stylistically, you would simply use : "I was forced to read Romeo and Juliet in high school.
 
# Underlined Text
 
While the element itself was deprecated in HTMl 4, it was reintroduced with alternate semantic meaning in HTML 5 - to represent an unarticulated, non-textual annotation. You might use such a rendering to indicate misspelled text on the page, or for a Chinese proper name mark.
 
p>This paragraph contains some u>mispelledu> text.p> 
 
# Abbreviation
 
To mark some expression as an abbreviation, use tag:
 
p>I like to write abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTMLabbr>!p> 
 
If present, the title attribute is used to present the full description of such abbreviation.
 
# Inserted, Deleted, or Stricken
 
To mark text as inserted, use the tag:
 
To mark text as deleted, use the tag:
 
To strike through text, use the tag:
 
s>Struck-through text heres> 
 
# Superscript and Subscript
 
To offset text either upward or downward you can use the tags and .
 
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